Key Concepts and Principles

I). Behavior

• Behavior is any action or response that can be observed and measured.

• Behaviorists categorize behaviors into two types:

• Respondent Behavior: Automatic responses to stimuli (e.g., salivating).

• Operant Behavior: Voluntary actions influenced by consequences (e.g., studying to earn good grades).

II). Learning

• Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.

• It is rooted in two main conditioning processes:

1. Classical Conditioning (Associative Learning)

• Developed by Ivan Pavlov.

• Involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to create a conditioned response.